El Salvador Scarred by Child Labor

Subsistence Work in Sugar Cane Fields Leads to Injuries, Continuing Poverty

By Kevin Sullivan, Washington Post Foreign Service

Thursday, June 10, 2004; Page A08

EL CHAPARRAL, El Salvador -- Jesus Franco, 14, has scars crisscrossing his legs from his ankles to his thighs, and more on his small hands. For more than half of his young life, he's spent long days cutting sugar cane. He has the machete scars to prove it, and so do his four brothers and sisters, age 9 to 19, all of whom work in the sweltering cane fields. El Chaparral is a place of mud, flies and skinny dogs, surrounded on all sides by the vast fields of spike-leaved sugar cane that are the lifeblood of all 70 families in town.

Jesus's story is repeated countless times across Latin America, where children even younger than he is are found working in cane fields at subsistence wages. More than 17 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 are working in the region, according to a 2002 report by the International Labor Organization, the U.N. agency that is seeking worldwide standards of basic labor rights.

Child labor perpetuates poverty by drawing the younger generation into the same low-wage manual jobs as their parents, often at the expense of education, according to poverty experts. Because children typically earn less than an adult performing the same work, widespread child labor helps depress wages, labor analysts say.

While children also tend crops such as coffee, onions and tomatoes, sugar cane work is considered far more dangerous and rigorous. About 5,000 children younger than 18 do the hazardous and backbreaking work of planting or cutting sugar cane in El Salvador, many of them wielding foot-long machetes from the age of 5, according to interviews here and a report issued Thursday by Human Rights Watch.

"The use of child labor is rampant in planting and harvesting sugar cane," said Michael Bochenek, chief author of the report by the New York-based rights group. Human Rights Watch said that the sugar fields where it found widespread use of child labor were owned both by individual Salvadorans and small cooperatives. Sugar cane laborers said in interviews that they did not know who owned the land where they worked for a daily wage.

Sugar cane workers, including children, use machetes to cut the hard, sharp stalks in thickly planted fields where there is little room to maneuver. Children and family members said that cuts requiring stitches are common in the fields, and many more children suffer burns from caustic fertilizer that they spread by hand.

Human Rights Watch faults the Salvadoran government, the sugar industry and companies that ultimately purchase refined sugar, among them the Coca-Cola Co., for not doing enough to eliminate child labor in the fields.

In places such as El Chaparral, it is evident that families are locked into child labor, with no other means of survival. "I wish that they could do easier jobs, but we have to have the money," said Teodora Franco Lopez, 47, Jesus's mother, who has five children working in the fields. She said they miss three months of school during the winter harvest season because they are too tired to study after spending six to nine hours in the fields.

Her son Ernesto, 9, sometimes cries and complains when he and his four brothers and sisters climb onto a single bicycle at 5 a.m. to pedal the half-hour to the cane fields. "It hurts me to see him go that way, but he has to," Franco said. She said her children bring in $150 every month, from November to March, bringing in the family's only steady income for the year.

Bochenek said foremen on the country's many small sugar cooperatives, which supply raw cane to mills, "turn a blind eye" to child labor. He and other investigators interviewed more than 30 children, who routinely suffer deep gashes.

Bochenek said El Salvador's sugar industry was chosen for scrutiny because its problems are "representative of the region." Sugar is also an important crop in most countries in Central America and the Caribbean. Bochenek said that the average cane worker's salary in El Salvador is about $75 a month, which "isn't enough to pay even basic food needs."

Parents interviewed in El Chaparral said that they would continue sending their youngest children to the fields, which help families reach daily quotas. Children are paid only when they reach 10 years old, parents said. They are paid the equivalent of $4 for a nine-hour day; younger children often split a single daily wage, according to the interviews.

"I like it because I get to be with my father," said Miguel Angel Orellano, 9, who said his father gives him about $1 a day for helping him cut cane. Miguel Angel is one of eight children in his family who work in the fields. His sister, Rosa Maria, 19, stood nearby; she had thick scars and red and white rashes on her hands and arms. She said she got the rashes from spreading fertilizer the previous week. She said she's been planting cane since she was 12.

Walter Palacios, director of social welfare at the Salvadoran Labor Ministry, said the government was working to eradicate the problem. He said that child labor also persists in the fishing, trash, prostitution and fireworks industries.

"It's not just an economic problem; there are cultural factors," he said. "It's very important that there be a joint plan between all parties, to improve the situation of these children."

"Of course," he said, help from big companies such as Coca-Cola "would improve the situation."

The Human Rights Watch report does not accuse Coca-Cola of breaking laws, but it urges the company to "recognize its responsibility."

Carol M. Martel, Coca-Cola's director of public affairs in Atlanta, said in a letter to Human Rights Watch that the company does not condone child labor and has a strict policy against its direct suppliers using child labor. She said there was no evidence that child labor was used in either the Salvadoran refinery the company uses or the mill that provides sugar to that refinery. She also said the company has no direct contracts with the field cooperatives that supply raw cane to the mill.

Bochenek said Coca-Cola's position was inadequate. "Coca-Cola has a responsibility to look not only at its direct suppliers, but to ensure that human rights aren't abused farther back in the supply chain, particularly when we are talking about a primary ingredient like sugar," he said.

In a statement to The Washington Post, Coca-Cola said its ability "to assist in addressing these fundamental issues of tradition and norms that surround rural poverty is limited." It said it would continue its long tradition of supporting education initiatives "in the communities where we do business."